HTN in Pregnancy

Definition

Before 20w - chronic HTN

After 20w - gestational HTN

Risk Factors

  1. Primigravida

  2. Multiple pregnancy

  3. Molar pregnancy

  4. Maternal obesity

  5. Family history of HTN

Pathogenesis

  • Abnormal placentation -> abnormal invasion of trophoblast to spiral artery

  • Lead to inflammatory cytokines -> systemic symptoms

Antenatal History

  • BP > 140/90 mmHg

  • Proteinuria?

  • 24hr urine for protein quantification - "Ada dpt botol besar utk collect urine tk?"

  • Significant proteinuria - 300 mg/24hr

  • Glycosuria? - DM increased risk of HTN

  • Ultrasound - IUGR? AFI? "Air ketuban cukup tk?" "Size baby normal tk?"

Other History

Obs: primid, h/o preeclampsia

Physical Examination

  1. Alertness

  2. Body built

  3. Leg edema

  4. Facial puffiness

  5. Hyperreflexia, clonus

  6. SFH & CFH - IUGR, oligohydramnios

  7. FHR

  8. Bishop's score

Signs & Symptoms of Preeclampsia

  1. Head - facial puffiness, frontal headache, blurred vision, nausea & vomiting

  2. Abdomen - Epigastric pain, SOB, crepitation, uterus smaller than date

  3. Leg - bilateral pitting edema, PV bleed (abruptio)

Complications

Maternal

  1. HELLP syndrome - hemolysis, elevated LFT, low platelet

  2. AKI

  3. Eclampsia & intracranial hemorrhage

  4. Acute pulmonary edema

Fetal

  1. Placental insufficiency

  2. Oligohydramnios

  3. IUGR

  4. Placenta abruptio

Investigations

  1. FBC - Hb, platelet

  2. LFT - increase AST & ALT, increased LDH (hemolysis)

  3. RP - increased urea & creatinine (AKI), uric acid (reduced GFR)

  4. Coag profile - to look for synthetic failure of liver

  5. Dipstick urine test & 24hr urine sample

  6. Doppler ultrasound of umbilical artery

Management

  1. BP stabilization - Labetalol, Nifedipine, Hydralazine, MgSO4 (prevent seizure)

  2. Timing of birth - before 34w in severe PE

  3. Indications for early delivery

  4. Mode of delivery

  5. Postpartum


Preeclampsia

Definition

A disorder characterized by hypertension >140/90 mmHg with proteinuria after 20th week of pregnancy in previously normotensive and nonproteinuric woman.

Diagnostic criteria

i. Hypertension - absolute rise of BP ≥140/90 mmHg

ii. Proteinuria - presence of protein ≥ 2+ (1.0 g/L)

iii. Edema - pitting edema over the ankles